The ASTM E2109-01 standard provides established test methods for determining the area fraction and pore size distribution of thermal spray coatings using digital image analysis.
While the full PDF document is a copyrighted technical standard available for purchase through the ASTM International website or authorized resellers like ANSI, this guide summarizes the essential procedures and requirements outlined in the standard. 1. Scope and Application
This standard is specifically designed for evaluating thermal spray coatings (TSC). It uses automated or semi-automated image analysis to quantify:
Area Fraction: The percentage of the total cross-sectional area occupied by pores or voids.
Pore Size Distribution: The frequency of pores within specific size ranges. 2. Significance and Use
Porosity is a critical factor in determining the performance of thermal spray coatings, affecting:
Corrosion Resistance: Interconnected porosity can allow corrosive agents to reach the substrate.
Mechanical Strength: High porosity generally reduces the bond strength and hardness of the coating.
Thermal Properties: Voids act as insulators, impacting thermal conductivity. 3. Specimen Preparation
Proper preparation is the most vital step to avoid "pull-outs" (where coating material is accidentally removed during polishing, appearing as false porosity). astm e2109-01 pdf
Sectioning: The specimen must be cut carefully to avoid overheating or mechanical deformation.
Mounting: Use vacuum impregnation with a low-viscosity epoxy to fill open pores, which helps prevent edge rounding and pull-outs.
Polishing: Follow a rigorous metallographic polishing sequence. The final surface must be scratch-free and represent the true internal structure of the coating. 4. Digital Image Analysis Procedure
The standard outlines a systematic approach to data collection:
Microscopy: Images are typically captured using a reflected light microscope (RLM) or a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Thresholding: The user must set a "gray-level threshold" to distinguish between the coating matrix (usually lighter) and the pores (usually darker).
Sampling: A minimum number of fields (often 10 to 20) must be measured across the specimen to ensure statistical significance and to account for coating inhomogeneity.
Magnification: The magnification must be high enough to resolve the smallest pores of interest but low enough to capture a representative area. 5. Data Reporting According to ASTM E2109-01, a formal report should include:
Material Identification: Type of powder used and substrate material. The ASTM E2109-01 standard provides established test methods
Spray Process: The specific thermal spray method used (e.g., Plasma, HVOF).
Preparation Method: Details of the polishing and mounting process. Magnification and Field Count: The total area analyzed.
Results: The mean area fraction (porosity percentage) and the standard deviation. 6. Limitations
Resolution: Pores smaller than the resolution of the optical system cannot be measured.
User Bias: Subjective thresholding can lead to variations in results between different operators.
Feature Recognition: The software must be able to distinguish between actual pores and other features like oxides or secondary phases.
You're looking for the ASTM E2109-01 standard.
ASTM E2109-01 is a standard test method for determining the caloric content of foods and beverages. Here's a brief overview:
Title: Standard Test Methods for Determining the Caloric Content of Foods and Beverages ASTM Website: You can purchase the standard from
Published: 2001
Withdrawn: 2008 ( replaced by ASTM E1139)
Summary: These test methods cover the determination of the caloric content of foods and beverages. The methods involve measuring the heat of combustion of a sample using bomb calorimetry or other calorimetric techniques.
If you're interested in accessing the PDF of this standard, here are a few options:
Please note that you may need to create an account or log in to access the standard. Additionally, be aware that the standard has been withdrawn and replaced by ASTM E1139, so you might want to consider accessing the newer standard instead.
If your regulatory body (e.g., Health Canada, EU Cosmetics Regulation) requires adherence to the latest recognized consensus standard, you must use the 2015 reapproved version. The 2001 version is only valid for referencing past studies or when specifically allowed by a client’s legacy protocol.
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ASTM E2109 establishes the procedures for quantifying the porosity (voids) within a thermal sprayed coating. Thermal spray processes (like plasma spray, HVOF, or flame spray) naturally create coatings with some degree of porosity. Measuring this porosity is critical because it affects:
www.astm.org.Typically, ASTM E2109-01 is between 6 and 10 pages, including title, scope, referenced documents, terminology, summary of test method, significance and use, apparatus, test specimens, procedure, calculation, report, precision and bias, and keywords.
⚠️ Note: ASTM E2109-01 was withdrawn in 2019 by ASTM International because its content was incorporated into revised versions of ASTM D3654 (Test Methods for Shear Adhesion of Pressure-Sensitive Tapes). If you need a current standard, use ASTM D3654/D3654M-22 or ASTM D6463 (for loop shear). However, many legacy specifications still cite E2109-01.