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Contents

1.   Introduction

This page describes the options which modify content while composing or copying Wii ISO discs.

After changing a TICKET and/or TMD they are fake signed. To avoid unnecessary signing the old value and the new value are compared and only real changes forces a fake sign. If a TICKET is signed, the decrypted title key is stable and there is no need to encrypt the whole partition again. The TMD must be signed if the partition data is changed.

Use the following table as table of content of this page:

Options
Option Param Description
--modify list This patching option defines the impact of the options --name and --id. It expects a comma separated list of the following keywords (case ignored) as parameter: NONE, DISC, BOOT, TICKET, TMD, WBFS, TT, ALL and AUTO (default).

All keywords can be prefixed by '+' to enable that option, by a '-' to disable it or by a '=' to enable that option and disable all others.
--name name This patching option changes the name (disc title) of the disc to the given parameter. Up to 63 characters are expected. The disc header and boot.bin are objects to modify. The option --modify selects the objects.
--id id This patching option changes the ID of the disc to the given parameter. 1 to 6 characters are expected. Only defined characters not equal '.' are modified. The plus sign '+' is a wildcard for multiple '.' to fill the complete entered ID to 6 characters. The disc header, boot.bin, ticket.bin and tmd.bin are objects to modify. The option --modify selects the objects.
--disc-id id This patching option changes the ID of the disc header to the given parameter. 1 to 6 characters are expected. Only defined characters not equal '.' are modified. The plus sign '+' is a wildcard for multiple '.' to fill the complete entered ID to 6 characters. Option --disc-id overrides the definition of option --id.
--boot-id id This patching option changes the ID of boot.bin to the given parameter. 1 to 6 characters are expected. Only defined characters not equal '.' are modified. The plus sign '+' is a wildcard for multiple '.' to fill the complete entered ID to 6 characters. Option --boot-id overrides the definition of option --id.
--ticket-id id This patching option changes the ID of ticket.bin to the given parameter. 1 to 4 characters are expected. Only defined characters not equal '.' are modified. The plus sign '+' is a wildcard for multiple '.' to fill the complete entered ID to 4 characters. Option --ticket-id overrides the definition of option --id.
--tmd-id id This patching option changes the ID of tmd.bin to the given parameter. 1 to 4 characters are expected. Only defined characters not equal '.' are modified. The plus sign '+' is a wildcard for multiple '.' to fill the complete entered ID to 4 characters. Option --tmd-id overrides the definition of option --id.
--tt-id id This is a short cut for »--ticket id --tmd id«. If TICKET and TMD differ, the game will freeze after loading. So it makes only sense to change TICKET and TMD IDs together.
--wbfs-id id This patching option changes the ID of the WBFS header to the given parameter if adding a file to a WBFS or if creating a WBFS file. 1 to 6 characters are expected. The already patched disc ID of the source is used as base and only defined characters not equal '.' are modified. The plus sign '+' is a wildcard for multiple '.' to fill the complete entered ID to 6 characters. Option --wbfs-id overrides the definition of option --id.
--region region This patching option defines the region of the disc. The region is one of JAPAN, USA, EUROPE, KOREA, FILE or AUTO (default). The case of the keywords is ignored. Unsigned numbers are also accepted.
--common-key index This patching option defines the common key index as part of the TICKET. Keywords 0, STANDARD, 1 and KOREAN are accepted.
--ios ios This patching option defines the system version (IOS to load) within TMD. The format is 'HIGH:LOW' or 'HIGH-LOW' or 'LOW'. If only LOW is set than HIGH is assumed as 1 (standard IOS).
--rm-files ruleset This patching option defines filter rules to remove real files and directories from the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing of the TMD is necessary. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
--zero-files ruleset This patching option defines filter rules to zero (set size to zero) real files of the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing of the TMD is necessary. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
--ignore-files ruleset This option defines filter rules to ignore real files of the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing is not necessary, but the partition becomes invalid, because the content of some files is not copied. If such file is accessed the Wii will halt immediately, because the verification of the checksum calculation fails. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
--enc encoding Define the encoding mode. The mode is one of NONE, HASHONLY, DECRYPT, ENCRYPT, SIGN or AUTO. The case of the keywords is ignored. The default mode is 'AUTO'.

The option --psel is also a patching option, but has its own article: Scrubbing of Wii ISO images.

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Understanding the link between how an animal acts and its physical health is the "secret sauce" of modern medicine. When we bridge animal behavior and veterinary science, we move from simply treating symptoms to understanding the whole patient. Why Behavior is a Vital Sign

In veterinary science, behavior isn't just about "good" or "bad" habits; it’s a primary diagnostic tool.

Early Detection: Changes in routine—like a cat suddenly avoiding high perches or a dog becoming irritable—are often the first signs of chronic pain or cognitive decline.

Stress & Recovery: High stress levels (measurable via cortisol) can suppress the immune system, making it harder for animals to heal from surgery or illness.

The Human-Animal Bond: Behavior issues are a leading cause of pet relinquishment. When vets address behavioral health, they aren't just saving a patient; they’re saving a family bond. The "Team" Approach to Care

Modern clinics often use a multidisciplinary team to ensure animal welfare: Understanding the link between how an animal acts

Veterinarians: Diagnose underlying medical causes (like thyroid issues or arthritis) that trigger behavior changes.

Veterinary Technicians: Monitor "body language" cues during exams to reduce patient fear and improve safety.

Behaviorists/Ethologists: Specialize in learning theory and environmental enrichment to manage complex issues like aggression or separation anxiety. Quick Tips for Better Observation

Frontiers in Veterinary Science | Animal Behavior and Welfare

Title: The Importance of Understanding Animal Behavior in Veterinary Science Diagnostic Tool: Understanding animal behavior can aid in

Introduction: Animal behavior is a crucial aspect of veterinary science, as it plays a significant role in the health and well-being of animals. Understanding animal behavior is essential for veterinarians to provide optimal care for their patients, diagnose behavioral problems, and develop effective treatment plans. This paper will discuss the importance of understanding animal behavior in veterinary science, its applications, and the benefits of incorporating behavioral knowledge into veterinary practice.

The Role of Animal Behavior in Veterinary Science: Animal behavior is a vital component of veterinary science, as it influences an animal's physical and mental health. Behavioral problems, such as anxiety, fear, and aggression, can lead to decreased quality of life, increased stress, and even physical health issues. Veterinarians who understand animal behavior can identify potential behavioral problems early on, preventing them from becoming severe.

Applications of Animal Behavior in Veterinary Science:

  1. Diagnostic Tool: Understanding animal behavior can aid in the diagnosis of various health issues, such as pain, anxiety, and neurological disorders.
  2. Treatment and Management: Behavioral knowledge can inform treatment plans, such as behavioral modification, medication, and environmental changes.
  3. Preventative Medicine: Educating owners on animal behavior can prevent behavioral problems from arising, reducing the risk of stress, anxiety, and other behavioral issues.
  4. Animal Welfare: Understanding animal behavior is essential for ensuring animal welfare, particularly in situations such as animal cruelty investigations and shelter management.

Benefits of Incorporating Behavioral Knowledge into Veterinary Practice:

  1. Improved Patient Care: Understanding animal behavior enables veterinarians to provide more comprehensive care, addressing both physical and behavioral needs.
  2. Enhanced Client Communication: Veterinarians who understand animal behavior can effectively communicate with owners, educating them on their animal's needs and promoting a stronger veterinarian-client relationship.
  3. Increased Efficiency: Behavioral knowledge can streamline veterinary practice, reducing stress and anxiety in animals, and making procedures easier to perform.
  4. Professional Development: Incorporating behavioral knowledge into veterinary practice can enhance a veterinarian's professional development, staying current with the latest research and advancements in the field.

Conclusion: Understanding animal behavior is a critical component of veterinary science, influencing animal health, welfare, and well-being. By incorporating behavioral knowledge into veterinary practice, veterinarians can provide more comprehensive care, improve patient outcomes, and enhance client communication. As the field of veterinary science continues to evolve, it is essential that veterinarians prioritize animal behavior, staying current with the latest research and advancements to provide optimal care for their patients. Sympathetic Overdrive: A frightened patient (e.g.

References:

1. Psychobiotics – The Gut-Brain Axis

Just as in humans, the gut microbiome influences behavior in animals. New research is exploring psychobiotics – probiotics that produce GABA and serotonin precursors. Early studies show that specific bacterial strains (e.g., Bifidobacterium longum) can reduce stress responses in dogs and cats. Future vets may prescribe a "behavioral probiotic" before moving homes or introducing a new baby.

The One Health Connection

Finally, the link between animal behavior and human health (One Health) is gaining traction. Understanding zoonotic behavioral risks (e.g., a dog with rabies behaving in a "friendly" paralysis phase) protects veterinarians and owners. Conversely, an animal’s sudden change in behavior can alert a family to environmental toxins (like carbon monoxide) before human symptoms appear.

2. Fear, Stress, and the Physiology of Sickness

Veterinary science has long understood the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Behavioral medicine has taught us that fear and chronic stress are not emotional states—they are physiological diseases.

Consequently, "low-stress handling" is no longer a luxury—it is a clinical protocol. Techniques such as feline-friendly compression wraps, canine cooperative care (chin rests for venipuncture), and pre-visit pharmaceutical anxiolysis are now standard of care.

3.   Other settings

3.1   --region region

This patching option defines the region of the disc. The region is one of JAPAN, USA, EUROPE, KOREA, FILE or AUTO (default). The case of the keywords is ignored. Unsigned numbers are also accepted.
This option set the region mode for a disc. This region setting is independent from the disc ID (forth letter). GameCube discs stores the region code as 32 bit big endian integer at offset 0x458. Wii Disc use a data structure in the disc header at offset 0x4e000 with size 0x20. If the region setting of a Wii disc is modified, all bytes of the data structure are cleared (set to zero) and the first 4 bytes (32 bit big endian integer) are set to the new region code.

Parameters of option --region
Parameter Description
JAPAN Set the region code to 0 for Japan.
USA Set the region code to 1 for USA.
EUROPE Set the region code to 2 for Europe.
KOREA Set the region code to 4 for Korea.
FILE Try to read file ./disc/region.bin and use it as region setting. For non composing or if this fails, switch to AUTO mode.
AUTO Examine the fourth character of the new disc ID. If the region is mandatory, use it. If not, try to load ./disc/region.bin (see FILE). If this fails make a second unsure decision by using the fourth character of the new disc ID.

This is the default setting.

<number> Set the region code to the entered decimal number. The number can be prefixed by 0x to set a hexadecimal value.
All keywords are case insensitive and non ambiguous abbreviations are allowed.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wit mix«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

3.2   --common-key index

This patching option defines the common key index as part of the TICKET. Keywords 0, STANDARD, 1 and KOREAN are accepted.
Set the field common_key_index in the TICKET in all partitions (fake sign necessary). The option expects one of the keys STANDARD or KOREAN or a numeric value as parameter.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

3.3   --ios ios

This patching option defines the system version (IOS to load) within TMD. The format is 'HIGH:LOW' or 'HIGH-LOW' or 'LOW'. If only LOW is set than HIGH is assumed as 1 (standard IOS).
Set the field system_version in the TMD (fake sign necessary). The value is one of HIGH:LOW, HIGH-LOW or only LOW. Both numbers (HIGH and LOW) are unsigned 32 bit decimal numbers. The numbers can be prefixed by 0x to set a hexadecimal value. If HIGH is missing, a value of 1 (standard for IOS) is assumed.

It is standard to set a value between 1 and 255 to select a standard IOS. All other values are for experimental usage only.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit create«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

4.   Select files

4.1   --rm-files ruleset

This patching option defines filter rules to remove real files and directories from the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing of the TMD is necessary. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
Each appearance defines pattern rules. ruleset is a list of rules described in »File Filters«.

Each real file and directory of the FST ('files/') of the first DATA partition, that matches the rule set, is removed. Only empty directories are removed. If at least one file or directory is removed, the TMD will be fake signed.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

4.2   --zero-files ruleset

This patching option defines filter rules to zero (set size to zero) real files of the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing of the TMD is necessary. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
Each appearance defines pattern rules. ruleset is a list of rules described in »File Filters«.

Each real file of the FST ('files/') of the first DATA partition, that matches the rule set, is zeroed, its offset and size is set to 0. If at least one file is zeroed, the TMD will be fake signed.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.

4.3   --ignore-files ruleset

This option defines filter rules to ignore real files of the FST of the DATA partition. Fake signing is not necessary, but the partition becomes invalid, because the content of some files is not copied. If such file is accessed the Wii will halt immediately, because the verification of the checksum calculation fails. The processing order of file options is: »--rm-files --zero-files --ignore-files«.
Each appearance defines pattern rules. ruleset is a list of rules described in »File Filters«.

Option --ignore-files is not really a patching option, because nothing of the disc or partitions is changed. It works in the same way as the »wit MIX« qualifier ignore.

When copying in scrubbing mode the system checks which sectors are used by a file. Each system and real file of the FST ('sys/...' and 'files/...') of the first DATA partition, that matches the rule set, is ignored for this sector search.

This means that the partition becomes invalid, because the content of some files is not copied. If such file is accessed the Wii will halt immediately, because the verification of the checksum calculation fails.

The advantage is to reduce the size of the image without a need to fake sign the partition. When using »wit MIX ... ignore« to create tricky combinations of partitions it may help to reduce the size of the output image dramatically.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit extract«,   »wit files«,   »wit files-l«,   »wit files-ll«,   »wit verify«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«,   »wwt verify«.

4.4   Differences between remove, zeroing and ignoring files

If you remove a file, it was removed from the FST (file system) and the storage of the content is ignored for copying (like scrubbing). Because changing the FST fake signing is necessary. If you list the FST you don't see the removed files.

If you zero a file, it is still in the FST, but its size is set to 0 bytes. The storage of the content is ignored for copying (like scrubbing). Because changing the FST fake signing is necessary. If you list the FST you see the zeroed files.

If you ignore a file it is still in the FST, but the storage of the content is ignored for copying. If you list the FST you see the ignored files and they can be accessed, but the content of the files is invalid. It's tricky, but there is no need to fake sign.

All three variants can be mixed. Conclusion:

5.   etc...

5.1   --enc encoding

Define the encoding mode. The mode is one of NONE, HASHONLY, DECRYPT, ENCRYPT, SIGN or AUTO. The case of the keywords is ignored. The default mode is 'AUTO'.
This option set the level of hash calcualtion, encryption and signing:

Parameters of option --enc
Parameter Description
NONE Do not calculate hash value neither encrypt nor sign the disc. This make the operation fast, but the Image can't be run a Wii.

Listing commands and wit DUMP use this value in AUTO mode, because they have no interests in signing or hash values.

HASHONLY Calculate the hash values but do not encrypt nor sign the disc.
DECRYPT Decrypt the partitions. While composing this is the same as HASHONLY.
ENCRYPT Calculate hash value and encrypt the partitions.
SIGN Calculate hash value, encrypt and sign the partitions. This is the default AUTO mode for all copying commands.
AUTO Let the command the choice which method is the best. This is the default setting.
All keywords are case insensitive and non ambiguous abbreviations are allowed.

Command reference

»wit convert«,   »wit copy«,   »wit dump«,   »wit edit«,   »wit extract«,   »wwt add«,   »wwt extract«,   »wwt new«,   »wwt scrub«,   »wwt sync«,   »wwt update«.